Pakistan Journal of Allied Health Sciences (PJAHS)
Scope and Objectives Pakistan Journal of Allied Health Sciences (PJAHS) is a peer-reviewed journal published quarterly in the months of March, June, September and December. The journal is open to researches carried out in medical, allied and health sciences. Types of manuscripts accepted in this journal included original research papers, short communications, review articles, case reports, editorials, book reviews, biographical notes and conference reports. Objectives: To provide a platform to researchers for dissemination high quality research conducted in the field of health sciences To provide readers information about new researches conducted in medical, allied and health sciences To be a valid source of scientific communication To encourage good publication practices
Community Health Interventions and Disease Prevention: The Moderating Role of Health Awareness and Behavioral Change
Community health interventions have become a central strategy for improving public health outcomes and preventing the spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Governments and health organizations increasingly rely on community-based programs to promote disease prevention, improve health behaviors and strengthen public awareness about health risks. Despite the implementation of various intervention programs, the effectiveness of these initiatives often depends on individual awareness levels and the willingness of communities to adopt positive health behaviors. This study examines the impact of community health interventions on disease prevention while exploring the moderating roles of health awareness and behavioral change. The research is grounded in health promotion theory and behavioral change models which emphasize the importance of awareness and behavioral transformation in improving public health outcomes. Community health interventions such as vaccination campaigns, health education programs, sanitation initiatives and preventive screenings aim to reduce disease prevalence by encouraging healthier lifestyles and improving access to preventive services. However, the success of these interventions varies significantly depending on how well individuals understand health risks and how effectively they modify their behaviors. A quantitative research design was used to analyze the relationships among the study variables. Data were collected from individuals participating in community health programs using a structured questionnaire. Structural equation modeling with Smart PLS was employed to examine the direct relationship between community health interventions and disease prevention as well as the moderating effects of health awareness and behavioral change. The results indicate that community health interventions significantly improve disease prevention outcomes. Furthermore, health awareness and behavioral change strengthen the effectiveness of these interventions by encouraging individuals to adopt healthier lifestyles and preventive practices. Communities with higher awareness and stronger behavioral adaptation demonstrate better health outcomes and reduced disease risk. This study contributes to public health research by providing empirical evidence regarding the mechanisms through which community health programs influence disease prevention. The findings highlight the importance of integrating health education and behavior change strategies into community interventions in order to maximize their impact. Policymakers and healthcare organizations can use these insights to design more effective public health programs that promote sustainable health improvements and reduce the burden of disease.
Community Health Interventions, Disease Prevention, Health Awareness, Behavioral Change, Public Health Promotion, Preventive Healthcare
Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan Journal of Allied Health Sciences (PJAHS)
Workplace Stress and Healthcare Professional Burnout: The Moderating Role of Organizational Support and Emotional Resilience
Workplace stress has become one of the most critical challenges faced by healthcare professionals worldwide. The demanding nature of healthcare environments combined with high patient expectations, long working hours, and emotional exposure to suffering often leads to severe psychological strain among medical staff. Persistent exposure to occupational stress may result in professional burnout which is characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Burnout among healthcare professionals not only affects individual wellbeing but also reduces quality of care, patient safety, and overall healthcare system performance. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence the relationship between workplace stress and professional burnout has become an important area of research. The present study investigates the relationship between workplace stress and healthcare professional burnout while examining the moderating roles of organizational support and emotional resilience. Organizational support refers to the degree to which healthcare institutions provide resources, recognition, and psychological support to their employees. Emotional resilience represents the ability of healthcare professionals to cope with stress and adapt effectively to challenging workplace situations. These factors may reduce the negative impact of workplace stress on burnout by providing psychological and institutional resources that enhance coping capabilities. This study adopts a quantitative research approach using a structured questionnaire distributed among healthcare professionals including doctors, nurses, and allied health staff. Data were collected from 285 respondents working in public and private healthcare institutions. Smart PLS structural equation modeling was used to analyze the proposed research model and test the moderating relationships between workplace stress, organizational support, emotional resilience, and burnout. The results indicate that workplace stress has a significant positive impact on healthcare professional burnout. However organizational support and emotional resilience significantly moderate this relationship by weakening the negative impact of workplace stress. These findings highlight the importance of supportive organizational environments and psychological resilience in protecting healthcare professionals from burnout. The study provides valuable insights for healthcare administrators and policymakers to develop strategies that improve employee wellbeing and sustain healthcare workforce performance.
Workplace Stress, Healthcare Burnout, Organizational Support, Emotional Resilience, Healthcare Workforce
Digital Mental Health Interventions and Psychological Wellbeing: The Mediating Role of Patient Engagement and Self-Management Behaviors
Digital mental health interventions have emerged as a transformative approach to addressing global mental health challenges. With the increasing prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress related disorders, digital platforms such as mobile health applications, telepsychology services, and online cognitive behavioral therapy programs have become significant tools in providing accessible psychological care. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of digital mental health interventions on psychological wellbeing while examining the mediating roles of patient engagement and self-management behaviors. Psychological wellbeing is considered a multidimensional construct that includes emotional stability, life satisfaction, and resilience. Digital interventions provide continuous monitoring, therapeutic content, and behavioral guidance that encourage individuals to actively participate in their own mental health management. However, the effectiveness of these interventions largely depends on the level of engagement and the development of positive self-management behaviors among users. This research adopts a quantitative research design using survey data collected from individuals who actively use digital mental health platforms. The proposed conceptual framework integrates elements from the Technology Acceptance Model and Self Determination Theory to explain how digital interventions influence behavioral engagement and self-management practices which subsequently enhance psychological wellbeing. Data analysis is conducted using Smart PLS structural equation modeling to test the relationships among variables and evaluate mediation effects. The findings demonstrate that digital mental health interventions significantly improve psychological wellbeing. Additionally patient engagement and self-management behaviors play crucial mediating roles that strengthen the positive impact of digital interventions. The results highlight the importance of designing user centered digital mental health platforms that foster active participation and encourage self-regulated coping strategies. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on digital health and psychological wellness by providing empirical evidence on the behavioral mechanisms that drive the success of digital mental health programs. Practical implications suggest that healthcare providers, policymakers, and technology developers should focus on enhancing engagement features and promoting self-management strategies to maximize the benefits of digital mental health interventions.
Digital Mental Health Interventions, Psychological Well-Being, Patient Engagement, Self-Management Behaviors, Digital Health Technologies
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs and Antibiotic Resistance Control: The Mediating Role of Clinical Compliance and Institutional Policy
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major global health threat, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Inappropriate and excessive use of antibiotics in healthcare settings is a key driver of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the urgent need for effective control strategies. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are evidence-based interventions designed to optimize the use of antimicrobials, improve patient outcomes, and reduce the development of antibiotic resistance. These programs include clinical guidelines, prescription audits, feedback mechanisms, and educational initiatives for healthcare professionals. Despite their potential, the effectiveness of ASPs often depends on mediating factors such as clinical compliance and institutional policy support. Clinical compliance refers to the adherence of healthcare professionals to established stewardship guidelines, while institutional policies represent the structural and regulatory support provided by healthcare organizations to facilitate appropriate antibiotic use. This study investigates the impact of antimicrobial stewardship programs on antibiotic resistance control while examining the mediating roles of clinical compliance and institutional policy. A quantitative research design was adopted, with data collected through structured questionnaires administered to healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and infection control staff in hospitals. Structural equation modeling using Smart PLS was employed to analyze the relationships between ASP implementation, clinical compliance, institutional policy, and outcomes in antibiotic resistance control. The results demonstrate that antimicrobial stewardship programs significantly reduce antibiotic resistance. Clinical compliance and institutional policy partially mediate this relationship, indicating that the effectiveness of ASPs is enhanced when healthcare professionals adhere to guidelines and institutions provide robust policy support. The findings underscore the importance of combining behavioral, organizational, and structural interventions to maximize the success of ASPs. This research contributes to the growing literature on antimicrobial stewardship and provides practical insights for healthcare administrators and policymakers to implement effective programs for antibiotic resistance control.
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs, Antibiotic Resistance Control, Clinical Compliance, Institutional Policy, Healthcare Governance
Health System Resilience and Pandemic Preparedness: The Mediating Role of Crisis Management Capacity and Public Health Governance
Health systems across the world have faced unprecedented pressure during recent global health emergencies, particularly during the COVID 19 pandemic. The crisis revealed significant weaknesses in preparedness, coordination and response mechanisms within many national health systems. Health system resilience has therefore emerged as a critical concept in global public health discourse, emphasizing the ability of healthcare systems to anticipate, absorb, adapt and recover from public health emergencies. This study examines the relationship between health system resilience and pandemic preparedness while exploring the mediating role of crisis management capacity and public health governance. The research aims to analyze how effective governance structures and crisis response capabilities influence the overall readiness of healthcare systems to handle large scale public health emergencies. The study adopts a quantitative research design using structural equation modeling through Smart PLS to examine the relationships among key variables. Data were collected from healthcare administrators, public health professionals and policymakers working in hospitals and public health institutions. The conceptual framework proposes that health system resilience significantly influences pandemic preparedness both directly and indirectly through crisis management capacity and public health governance. Crisis management capacity reflects the ability of healthcare institutions to respond quickly and effectively to health emergencies, while public health governance refers to institutional coordination, policy effectiveness and regulatory support in managing public health threats. The findings reveal that health system resilience has a strong positive relationship with pandemic preparedness. Furthermore, crisis management capacity and public health governance significantly mediate this relationship, indicating that resilient systems perform better when supported by strong governance frameworks and well-developed crisis response capabilities. The study contributes to the growing literature on health system strengthening and emergency preparedness by providing empirical evidence regarding the structural mechanisms that improve pandemic response outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of investing in governance reforms, institutional coordination and crisis management training to build resilient healthcare systems capable of addressing future global health emergencies.
Health System Resilience, Pandemic Preparedness, Crisis Management Capacity, Public Health Governance, Healthcare Systems, Global Health Security
The Role of Physiotherapy in Long-COVID Functional Rehabilitation
Long-COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, presents a significant challenge to global healthcare systems. Patients report ongoing fatigue, dyspnea, musculoskeletal weakness, cognitive dysfunction, and reduced exercise tolerance, all of which impair daily functioning and quality of life (Carfì et al., 2020). Functional rehabilitation aims to restore mobility, strength, cardiovascular fitness, and independence in activities of daily living. Physiotherapy, as a cornerstone of rehabilitation, integrates exercise prescription, respiratory interventions, neuromuscular facilitation, and patient education to optimize recovery outcomes. This study examines the role of physiotherapy in long-COVID functional rehabilitation and evaluates its impact on functional status, fatigue, respiratory capacity, and quality of life. A conceptual model was developed to hypothesize that physiotherapy interventions positively influence functional outcomes through mediators including adherence, symptom management, and patient engagement. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 200 post-COVID patients attending outpatient rehabilitation centers. Standardized instruments measured physiotherapy exposure, functional independence (using Barthel Index), fatigue (using Fatigue Severity Scale), respiratory function (spirometry), and quality of life (SF-36). Structural equation modeling (SEM) using SmartPLS evaluated direct and indirect relationships. Results indicate that physiotherapy significantly improves functional independence (β = 0.53, p < .001), reduces fatigue (β = –0.42, p < .001), enhances respiratory function (β = 0.47, p < .001), and improves overall quality of life (β = 0.49, p < .001). Adherence and patient engagement mediated these effects, suggesting that active participation is critical for optimal outcomes. The measurement model demonstrated strong reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.8) and validity (AVE > 0.5). Structural paths confirmed hypothesized relationships, explaining 61 percent of variance in functional outcomes. These findings highlight physiotherapy as a pivotal component of long-COVID rehabilitation, emphasizing individualized exercise programs, respiratory techniques, and patient education to restore function and independence. Challenges include variable symptom severity, patient adherence, and resource constraints. Recommendations include tele-rehabilitation programs, integration of multidisciplinary teams, standardized protocols for long-COVID physiotherapy, and patient-centered approaches to optimize adherence. This study contributes empirical evidence supporting physiotherapy as a core intervention to mitigate long-term functional impairments in post-COVID populations, informing clinical practice and policy development.
Long-Covid, Physiotherapy, Functional Rehabilitation, Fatigue, Respiratory Function, Patient Engagement, Structural Equation Modeling
The Role of Nursing Informatics in Patient Safety Enhancement
This research examines the pivotal role of Nursing Informatics (NI) in enhancing patient safety within healthcare settings. Nursing Informatics integrates nursing science with information management and analytical sciences to optimize health outcomes (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2021). The accelerating complexity of patient care, combined with mounting safety concerns, has made NI an essential contributor to reducing clinical errors, improving data accuracy, and fostering evidence-based decision-making. This study explores how NI tools—such as Electronic Health Records (EHRs), Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS), and real-time reporting technologies—shape patient safety practices. The literature indicates that NI enables timely access to accurate patient information, supports standardized care protocols, and facilitates predictive analytics for risk mitigation (Sensmeier, 2019; Staggers et al., 2018). Using SmartPLS structural equation modeling, this study tests a conceptual model linking NI adoption, data quality, clinician decision support, and patient safety outcomes. A quantitative survey design was employed, capturing data from registered nurses across acute care facilities. Analysis demonstrated that NI adoption significantly predicts improved data quality (β = 0.62, p < 0.001) and enhanced decision support (β = 0.47, p < 0.001), both of which significantly contribute to patient safety enhancement (β = 0.59 and 0.51 respectively, p < 0.001). Findings affirm that NI is not only a technological enabler but also a safety catalyst when integrated effectively into nursing workflows. Challenges remain, including training gaps, workflow disruption, and interoperability issues. Recommendations include expanding NI education, aligning clinical workflows with informatics tools, and investing in interoperable systems. This research contributes to nursing leadership and healthcare informatics literature by demonstrating that meaningful engagement with NI correlates with measurable improvements in patient safety.
Nursing Informatics, Patient Safety, Electronic Health Records, Clinical Decision Support Systems, Healthcare Quality,
The Health Misinformation on Social Media and Preventive Health Behaviors
Health misinformation on social media has emerged as a significant public health challenge affecting individuals’ engagement with preventive health behaviors. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp play central roles in disseminating health content, yet they also enable rapid spread of inaccurate, misleading, or unverified information (World Health Organization, 2020). Preventive health behaviors refer to actions individuals take to prevent disease onset or progression, including vaccination, healthy lifestyle practices, screenings, and adherence to public health recommendations. Misinformation can distort perceptions of risk, undermine trust in science and health authorities, and reduce compliance with evidence-based preventive measures. Understanding the relationship between exposure to health misinformation on social media and preventive health behaviors is crucial for designing interventions that enhance public health outcomes. This study examines how health misinformation exposure influences preventive health behaviors and whether mediators such as trust in health authorities and health literacy can mitigate this impact. A conceptual model was developed hypothesizing that higher exposure to health misinformation is negatively associated with preventive health behaviors, while trust and health literacy buffer this relationship. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from adults who regularly use social media for health information. Measures included self-reported exposure to misinformation, frequency of preventive health behaviors, trust in health authorities, and health literacy levels. Structural equation modeling was conducted using SmartPLS to test hypothesized paths. Results indicate that exposure to health misinformation significantly predicts lower engagement in preventive health behaviors (β = –0.48, p < .001). Trust in health authorities positively predicts preventive behaviors (β = 0.36, p < .001) and moderates the misinformation effect, reducing its negative influence. Health literacy also shows a positive association with preventive behaviors (β = 0.29, p < .01) and weakens the misinformation impact. The model explains a substantial proportion of variance in preventive behaviors, suggesting these mediators are important protective factors. These findings highlight that misinformation on social media poses real risks to public health by discouraging evidence-based preventive actions. Interventions that strengthen trust in health institutions and enhance health literacy may reduce susceptibility to misinformation and promote better health outcomes. Public health campaigns, digital literacy programs, and platform-level policies targeting misinformation are recommended to foster an informed public capable of engaging in preventive health behaviors.
Health Misinformation, Social Media, Preventive Health Behaviors, Health Literacy, Trust In Health Authorities, Structural Equation Modeling
Remote Patient Monitoring and Chronic Disease Control Outcomes
Chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and chronic respiratory conditions are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, posing substantial economic and healthcare burdens (World Health Organization, 2021). Effective management of chronic conditions relies heavily on consistent monitoring, timely interventions, and patient engagement. Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) leverages digital health technologies to collect and transmit patient data, enabling healthcare providers to monitor vital signs, medication adherence, and clinical parameters in real time (Steinberg et al., 2020). RPM offers opportunities to improve chronic disease outcomes, enhance patient engagement, reduce hospitalizations, and optimize resource utilization. This study examines the impact of RPM on chronic disease control outcomes, including glycemic levels, blood pressure, cardiovascular markers, and hospitalization rates. A conceptual model was developed positing that RPM influences clinical outcomes both directly and indirectly via patient engagement, adherence to treatment protocols, and self-management behaviors. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 250 patients with chronic diseases enrolled in RPM programs across multiple outpatient clinics. Standardized instruments measured RPM usage, patient engagement, adherence, and disease-specific clinical outcomes. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using SmartPLS evaluated hypothesized relationships. Results reveal that RPM significantly predicts improved clinical outcomes, including better glycemic control (β = –0.41, p < .001), reduced blood pressure variability (β = –0.37, p < .001), and decreased hospitalization rates (β = –0.34, p < .001). Patient engagement (β = 0.36, p < .001) and treatment adherence (β = 0.32, p < .01) mediated these relationships, indicating that active involvement and compliance with monitoring protocols enhance effectiveness. The measurement model demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.8) and validity (AVE > 0.5). Structural paths explained 63 percent of variance in chronic disease outcomes. These findings suggest that RPM is an effective intervention for chronic disease management, particularly when combined with strategies to promote engagement and adherence. Implementation challenges include technology access, patient digital literacy, data privacy concerns, and integration with healthcare systems. Future directions include longitudinal studies assessing long-term impact, personalized RPM algorithms, and integration of AI-driven analytics to enhance predictive care. RPM represents a scalable, patient-centered approach that can improve chronic disease control and reduce the burden on healthcare systems.
Remote Patient Monitoring, Chronic Disease Management, Patient Engagement, Treatment Adherence, Clinical Outcomes, Structural Equation Modeling
Patient-Centered Care Models and Treatment Adherence in Chronic Diseases
This study examines how patient-centered care models influence treatment adherence among individuals with chronic diseases. Chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory conditions, and hypertension present persistent treatment challenges that require long-term patient engagement with care plans. Treatment adherence, defined as the extent to which a patient follows prescribed medical regimens, medication schedules, lifestyle adjustments, and therapeutic recommendations, profoundly affects health outcomes, quality of life, and healthcare costs (World Health Organization, 2003). Patient-centered care emphasizes tailoring healthcare delivery to individual patient needs, values, preferences, and active engagement in decision making (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Core elements of patient-centered care include shared decision making, comprehensive communication, emotional support, care coordination, and respect for patient preferences. These elements may foster greater trust, understanding, and empowerment, thereby promoting adherence. Despite theoretical support, empirical evidence about the mechanisms linking patient-centered practices with adherence in chronic illness remains fragmented. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, this study collected survey data from patients diagnosed with one or more chronic conditions across multiple outpatient clinics. A validated questionnaire measured perceptions of patient-centered care dimensions and self-reported adherence. Structural equation modeling (SEM) via SmartPLS tested relationships between care model constructs and adherence outcomes. Findings reveal that shared decision making (β = 0.34, p < .001), communication quality (β = 0.29, p < .001), and care coordination (β = 0.27, p < .01) each significantly predict higher treatment adherence. Emotional support showed a smaller but still significant effect (β = 0.18, p < .05). The model explained 56 percent of variance in adherence behaviors, suggesting that patient-centered care processes play a meaningful role in supporting chronic disease management. These results reinforce the importance of clinical practices that go beyond biomedical interventions to foster relational, cognitive, and structural support for patients. Implications include training clinicians in effective communication, redesigning care pathways for greater shared decision making, and implementing systems that support coordinated care. Challenges include measuring adherence objectively and ensuring representativeness across diverse populations. Future research should explore longitudinal effects and intervention studies that build patient agency and integrate behavioral support mechanisms. Investing in patient-centered systems not only aligns with ethical care principles but also offers practical pathways to improved adherence and better chronic disease outcomes
Patient-Centered Care, Chronic Disease, Treatment Adherence, Shared Decision Making, Communication Quality, Care Coordination
The Impact of Ethical Legal and Social Implications on Digital Health Technologies
Digital health technologies have transformed modern healthcare delivery by enabling remote monitoring data driven decision making and patient centered care. Innovations such as electronic health records telemedicine mobile health applications and artificial intelligence based clinical systems promise improved efficiency accessibility and quality of care. However, alongside these benefits ethical legal and social implications have emerged as critical determinants shaping the adoption acceptance and sustainability of digital health technologies. This research examines how ethical legal and social considerations influence trust acceptance and effective use of digital health technologies within healthcare systems. The study is grounded in socio technical systems theory and technology acceptance perspectives which emphasize that technological outcomes are shaped by social values institutional frameworks and regulatory environments. Ethical considerations such as data privacy informed consent algorithmic transparency and fairness directly affect patient trust and willingness to engage with digital platforms. Legal implications including data protection laws liability frameworks and regulatory compliance shape organizational readiness and innovation capacity. Social implications such as digital literacy cultural acceptance and equity influence how different population groups experience digital health solutions. A quantitative research design was employed using survey data collected from healthcare professionals’ patients and health administrators. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was applied to test the relationships among ethical legal and social implications digital health adoption and perceived effectiveness. Findings indicate that ethical transparency and legal compliance significantly enhance trust and acceptance of digital health technologies while social inclusion and digital literacy moderate these relationships. Ethical considerations emerged as the strongest predictor of trust followed by legal safeguards and social equity. The study contributes to digital health scholarship by empirically validating the central role of ethical legal and social factors in shaping technology outcomes. Practical implications highlight the need for integrated governance frameworks that balance innovation with responsibility. Policymakers’ technology developers and healthcare leaders must address ethical legal and social dimensions proactively to ensure sustainable and equitable digital health transformation.
Digital Health Ethics Legal Implications Social Implications Technology Acceptance Trust
Copyright (c) 2024 Pakistan Journal of Allied Health Sciences (PJAHS)
Impact of AI-Assisted Radiography on Diagnostic Accuracy and Workload
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into diagnostic radiography has rapidly transformed clinical imaging practices. AI-assisted radiography refers to the use of machine learning algorithms and deep learning models to support image interpretation, detect abnormalities, and prioritize cases. Proponents argue that AI can enhance diagnostic accuracy while alleviating clinician workload, yet empirical evidence remains mixed, and the mechanisms linking AI use to clinical outcomes are not fully understood. This study investigates the impact of AI-assisted radiography systems on diagnostic accuracy and radiology workload, examining radiologist trust, workflow integration, and perceived ease of use as mediating and moderating factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 720 radiologists and radiologic technologists across tertiary care hospitals adopting AI tools. Five latent constructs were measured: AI Integration Strength, Perceived Ease of Use, Radiologist Trust in AI, Diagnostic Accuracy, and Workload Impact. Data were analyzed using statistical tools structural equation modeling to assess direct, indirect, and interaction effects. Results indicate that stronger AI integration positively predicts perceived ease of use (β = .457, p < .001) and radiologist trust in AI (β = .399, p < .001). Perceived ease of use significantly influences diagnostic accuracy (β = .378, p < .001) and reduces workload impact (β = −.342, p < .001). Radiologist trust moderates the relationship between ease of use and diagnostic accuracy (β = .185, p = .002), suggesting that trust enhances the positive effect of AI tools on diagnostic outcomes. Mediation tests reveal that perceived ease of use partially mediates the relationship between AI integration and both diagnostic accuracy and workload. These findings demonstrate that successful implementation of AI in radiography is not solely a technological endeavor but is shaped by user perceptions and trust. Hospitals should focus on training, usability optimization, and trust-building strategies to maximize AI’s clinical benefits. Enhancing diagnostic accuracy while reducing radiologist workload can improve patient outcomes, throughput, and staff satisfaction. The results provide actionable insights for policymakers, clinical leaders, and informatics teams designing AI deployment strategies in imaging departments
Assistive Technologies and Quality of Life in Physically Disabled Patients
Assistive technologies play a critical role in improving the functional independence and overall quality of life of physically disabled patients. As global disability prevalence rises due to aging populations chronic diseases and trauma related injuries the demand for effective assistive solutions has increased substantially. This study examines the impact of assistive technologies on quality of life by integrating physical functional outcomes psychological wellbeing and social participation into a unified explanatory model. Grounded in health technology acceptance and social determinants of health perspectives the study proposes that accessibility usability and perceived effectiveness of assistive technologies significantly enhance quality of life outcomes. Furthermore, patient empowerment and healthcare support are examined as mediating mechanisms that strengthen this relationship. A quantitative research design was employed using survey data collected from physically disabled patients receiving care in rehabilitation centers and teaching hospitals. Statistical tools were applied to test the measurement and structural models using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results demonstrate that assistive technology use has a statistically significant positive effect on quality of life. Accessibility and usability emerged as the strongest predictors while healthcare support partially mediated the relationship between technology use and patient wellbeing. The model explains a substantial proportion of variance in quality of life indicating strong explanatory power. The findings contribute to existing literature by offering empirical evidence that assistive technologies influence not only physical functioning but also psychological autonomy and social inclusion. Practical implications highlight the importance of user centered design training programs and institutional support to maximize benefits of assistive technologies. Policymakers’ healthcare providers and rehabilitation professionals should prioritize equitable access and sustained support mechanisms to reduce disability related inequalities. This study concludes that assistive technologies are not merely functional tools but integral components of holistic patient centered care. Future research should adopt longitudinal designs and explore emerging digital and AI enabled assistive systems to further understand long term quality of life outcomes
Assistive Technologies Quality Of Life Physical Disability Rehabilitation Healthcare Support
Antibiotic Stewardship Programs and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Teaching Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, undermining the effectiveness of antibiotics and jeopardizing clinical outcomes, particularly in hospital settings. Teaching hospitals serve as critical sites for both high-intensity antibiotic use and training of healthcare professionals, making them vital arenas for implementation of Antibiotic Stewardship Programs (ASPs). ASPs are structured interventions designed to optimize antibiotic usage, reduce inappropriate prescribing, and curb the evolution of resistant pathogens. This study investigates the relationships between the implementation strength of ASPs and antimicrobial resistance patterns observed in teaching hospitals, incorporating mediating effects of prescriber behavior and moderating effects of institutional support.A cross-sectional survey of 650 healthcare professionals and retrospective review of antibiogram data from three urban teaching hospitals were conducted. Five latent constructs were measured: ASP Implementation Strength, Prescriber Behavior, Institutional Support, Antibiotic Utilization Patterns, and AMR Patterns. Structural equation modeling assessed direct, indirect, and interaction effects among constructs to reveal pathways by which stewardship interventions influence resistance outcomes. Results showed that stronger ASP implementation significantly improved prescriber behavior (β = .422, p < .001) and optimized antibiotic utilization (β = .387, p < .001), which in turn were associated with lower prevalence of resistant organisms (β = −.321, p < .001). Institutional support moderated the ASP → Prescriber Behavior link (β = .179, p = .002), indicating that hospitals with greater resources and leadership engagement achieved greater behavior change. Mediation tests confirmed that prescriber behavior and utilization patterns partially mediated the relationship between ASP implementation and observed AMR patterns. These findings highlight the multifactorial impact of stewardship interventions on resistance dynamics in teaching hospitals. They underscore that beyond policy existence, prescriber practices and institutional context critically shape outcomes. Strengthening stewardship frameworks, enhancing education, and securing administrative support are essential for sustainable reductions in AMR. Results inform hospital policy, training curricula, and resource allocation strategies to improve antibiotic use and mitigate resistance trends.
Antibiotic Stewardship, Antimicrobial Resistance, Teaching Hospitals, Structural Equation Modeling,
Social Determinants of Health and Inequities in Maternal Healthcare Access
Maternal healthcare access remains uneven across populations globally. Persistent inequities rooted in social determinants of health such as socioeconomic status, education, geographic location, and cultural norms result in disproportionate maternal morbidity and mortality. This thesis examines how core social determinants influence maternal healthcare access and outcomes, proposing a conceptual model that identifies pathways through which structural and individual factors generate inequities. To investigate relationships among socioeconomic status, educational attainment, geographic location, health system responsiveness, and maternal healthcare utilization; and to quantify these relationships using structural equation modeling with SmartPLS. A cross-sectional survey of 600 women of reproductive age (18–49 years) was conducted across urban and rural districts. Latent constructs measured included Socioeconomic Status, Health System Responsiveness, Education Level, Geographic Accessibility, and Maternal Healthcare Utilization. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS 4 to assess measurement reliability and structural relationships, including direct, indirect, and moderated effects. Measurement model assessments demonstrated strong reliability (CR > .80) and validity (AVE > .50) for all constructs. Structural paths were statistically significant (p < .001) demonstrating that socioeconomic status and education positively predicted utilization of maternal healthcare services, while geographic barriers negatively affected access. Health system responsiveness mediated the link between social determinants and utilization. Interaction terms suggested that educational level moderated the effect of health system responsiveness on maternal care uptake. Social determinants significantly influence maternal healthcare access. Evidence supports that improvements in socioeconomic conditions and educational attainment can increase utilization, particularly when health systems are responsive and accessible. Geographic inequities remain a barrier, especially in rural settings. Policy interventions must address structural inequities and strengthen health services responsiveness to achieve equitable maternal healthcare access
Maternal Healthcare Access, Social Determinants Of Health, Inequities, Smartpls, Structural Equation Modeling.
Digital Documentation Systems and Clinical Workflow Efficiency: Evidence from Healthcare Professionals
Digital documentation systems (DDS), particularly electronic health records and integrated clinical documentation platforms, have become central to healthcare digital transformation. This study investigates the impact of digital documentation systems on clinical workflow efficiency, examining the mediating role of user satisfaction and the moderating influence of organizational IT support. Grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model and the DeLone and McLean Information Systems Success Model, a quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare professionals working in tertiary hospitals. Data from 260 respondents were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS. The findings demonstrate a significant positive relationship between digital documentation systems and clinical workflow efficiency. User satisfaction partially mediates this relationship, while organizational IT support strengthens the effect of digital documentation on workflow efficiency. The model explains a substantial proportion of variance in workflow efficiency, highlighting the importance of both technological and organizational factors. The study contributes empirical evidence to health informatics literature and offers practical insights for healthcare administrators aiming to optimize digital documentation to improve clinical workflows.
Digital documentation systems; Clinical workflow efficiency; Electronic health records; User satisfaction
Effects of Pre and Post Workout Nutrition on Muscle Growth in University Students with Resistance Training in China
Background & Aim: There is a debate regarding pre and post workout meal impact on muscle building. The objective of this research study was to find best nutrient timing to get the maximum lean muscle mass and lose fat mass in University Students males with same type of resistance training. Methodology: The sample size was 20 male University Students s aged 18 to 55 who perform resistance training from selected fitness centers in Lahore. The participants were divided into 2 groups i.e. Group a (control group): who consume balance diet throughout the day, Group B (experimental group): who consume balance diet but focus on pre and post workout meal. A self-structured questionnaire was used for the comparative study, which included questions about age, weight, height, analysis of body fat and analysis of skeletal muscle strength. Results: Participants of both groups have nearly same reduction in body fat percentage but when in strength analysis the participant of control group have 19% improvement in 1 RPM while participants in experimental group have 40% improvement in 1RPM.Conclusion: The pre and post workout meal showed better effect on increase in skeletal muscle mass through resistance training as the results indicated that the experimental group have more increase in 1RPM strength than the control group
Meal Impact, Muscle Building, Balance Diet, Workout Meal, RPM
Consumption of Yogurt And Its Effect On Gut Health
Background & Aims: The benefits of probiotics for health have been known for a very long time. Probiotics promote gut health because they play a significant role in preventing certain illnesses and ailments. Probiotic yogurt is enjoyed widely all over the world. It is becoming more popular as a result of its benefits. Yogurt consumers had healthier nutritional habits and improved health than non-consumers. Yogurt provides several health advantages, including the prevention of digestive diseases, and the enhancement of the immune system. This study aims to compare the gut health of yogurt eaters with that of others. Methodology: The study sample size was 60 adults aged 18 to 35 years old from various areas of Lahore. The sample size was divided into two groups, i.e., yogurt eaters and non-yogurt eaters. A self-structured questionnaire was used for the comparative study, which included questions about weight, height, and age as well as the frequency and quantity of yogurt and yogurt-containing products consumed. Moreover, it also included the gastrointestinal symptoms rating scale, which was used for the gut health assessment of both groups. Results: Participants completed the entire questionnaire. Yogurt from local shops was preferred by 36% of the participants whereas, 37% preferred to make yogurt at home. Yogurt consumers prefer to have raita and plain yogurt among the yogurt and yogurt-containing products. Regardless of their yogurt consumption, the majority of the participants felt tired during the past week. Participants' gut health was evaluated using the scale. Conclusion: The study reveals that the majority of yogurt consumers have better gut health compared to non-yogurt consumers. Yogurt consumers have normal to mild symptoms of poor gut health whereas, non-yogurt consumers also showed severe symptoms of poor gut health. The majority of the non-yogurt consumers experienced heartburn, tummy pain, belly gurgling, and nausea for 2 days as well as they also experienced severe symptoms of diarrhea, constipation, and excess flatulence
Gut health, Probiotics, Yogurt and gut health, Comparison of yogurt and yogurt-consumers, Choices of yogurt, Diarrhea, Constipation, Gastrointestinal tract, GI complications
BENEFITS OF COCHLEAR IMPLANT IN TEEN AGERS: THE PARENTS PRESPECTIVE
Background and Objective: The language is the medium by which communicate and sound is the power source to understand the language these are our years and the hearing sense contact as with the word. The objective of this study is to analysis the subjective benefits of cochlear implantation in teen agers according to parents’ Prespective. Method: It was carried out in teen agers aged 13-19 years. A self-designed questionnaire was used to assess the potential point of view. The questionnaires were filled by parents included the following sections: hearing, communication and psychosocial. Decision to implant, process of implantation, positive effect of the implant, communication, supporting the child, self-reliance, well-being, happiness, social relationships, education, pre and postoperative services provided by the implant center. Parents of 50 Teen agers with congenital deafness or who became deaf between the age of 1 to 7 years and received cochlear implant were asked. Results: The results of present study, cochlear implant had a positive effect on the quality of life of teen agers and their families in different variety of ways. All things related to teen agers had improvement in quality of life after cochlear implant activation. Parents were more satisfied with the domains self-reliance, communication and social relations because it affects more on child’s life. Conclusion: Access to auditory information helped the Teen agers to join the hearing world and to learn to speak. From the parent’s perspective cochlear implant improves the quality of life of their Teen agers , especially when it comes to self-confidence, social relations and communication. Parents were more satisfied with their child’s overall performance.
Hearing impairment, Hearing loss, Cochlear implant, Communication, Psychosocial.
Comparative Effect of Inhaling Corticosteroids in Different Doses and Durations with risk of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Chronic Asthma Patients at Mardan Medical Complex
The asthma phenotype can modify or amplify the colorful presumed processes for the elevated threat of T2DM among asthmatics. Because asthma is so diverse, researchers have long attempted to categorize it into discrete phenotypes and endotypes in an effort to better understand pathobiology and create specialized treatment choices. Asthma among individuals without dislike and evidence of atopic sensitization, referred to by the perfectly coined labels T2-low asthma, nonallergic asthma, or non-eosinophilic asthma, has consistently been associated, despite variations in research designs and cohorts. Piecemeal from standard antipathetic triggers, sweating to identify danger factors for severe and inadequately controlled asthma may be especially pertinent to these individualities. Recently, prediabetes and diabetes have been associated with an increased risk of adult asthma exacerbations. These conditions clinically manifest as fasting hyperglycemia and, in the case of type 2 diabetes, are characterized by hackneyed elevations in insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. The presence of comorbidities is crucial for the management and prognosis of asthma since it is linked with low quality life, increased healthcare utilization, and insufficient disease control. According to studies, people with asthma are more likely than controls to have comorbidities like type 2 diabetes. These conditions may also be linked to a worse prognosis for asthma, resulting in increased health resource utilization and a lower quality of life implants significantly enhanced their teen aggers’ quality of life, particularly in boosting self-esteem, improving social interactions, and facilitating communication.
Inhaling Corticosteroids, Doses, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Chronic Asthma Patients,
Impact of Skipping Breakfast on Work Efficiency of School Teachers
Background & Aims: The impact of skipping breakfast on work efficiency of school teachers is a topic of growing interest. However, many school teachers often skip breakfast due to multiple or other reasons. This raises questions about the potential consequences of breakfast skipping on their work efficiency. The purpose of research was to find impact of skipping breakfast on work efficiency of school teachers. Methodology: The study's sample size was 89 school teachers, they were adults aged between 29-60 yrs. Moreover, cross-sectional study design was used with convenient sampling. Self-constructed questionnaires were filled by the participants. The questionnaire contains questions about the breakfast regime and work efficiency. Results: This study investigated the impact of skipping breakfast on work efficiency among school teachers. 31% of respondents were habitual breakfast skippers, while 69% did not skip breakfast. Skipping breakfast was associated with decreased performance in 21% of cases, worsened mood in 79%, and affected school performance in 93%. The scale ranges from 0, representing the worst performance, to 10, indicating the highest achievement. Days without skipping breakfast received a rating of 9 (61%) and 10 (20%), signifying excellent performance, while days with skipped breakfast received a neutral rating of 0 (47%).). Regular breakfast consumption appears crucial for maintaining work efficiency and positive mood among teachers. Conclusion: In summary, the research on the consequence of breakfast omission among school educator’s unveiled notable distinctions in productivity and emotional state between those who skipped breakfast and those whose did not A notable percentage of participants noted that skipping breakfast led to decreased performance and worsened mood. Conversely, non-skippers tended to experience higher performance levels and a more positive outlook. The findings underscore the importance of cultivating regular breakfast habits to support optimal work efficiency and overall well-being among school teachers.
Skipping Breakfast, Work efficiency, Impact, Defense system
Impact of Social Media Influencers On the Dietary Choices of University Students In Relation To Obesity
Background & Aims: Social Media is a tool which engages people in virtual groups, and networks to produce, share, and exchange information and ideas about anything. Social media has significantly influenced the dietary choices of people as they follow the diet promoted by social media influencers. The aim of this study was to determine the social media influencer’s impact on the dietary choices of university going students in relation to obesity. Methodology: The sample size of 60 was included in the study which were university students of NIU ranging from 18-30 years with an access to social media on dietary choices. This cross sectional study was conducted by self-structured questionnaire including weight history and BMI along with some additional questions related to social media usage and its effect on health. Results: Research participants answered about their weight history, BMI, impact of social media, influenced by social media influencers, diet and its impact on health. Conclusion: The study revealed that majority of the participants do not experienced a gain in their body weight after having the diet promoted by social media and its influencers. This shows that social media have positive impact on people health but it do have negative impact too which will leads to obesity
Impact of social media, body image, influencers, Social media and obesity, Positive & Negative effects of social media.
Comparative Effect of Inhaling Corticosteroids in Different Doses and Durations with risk of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Chronic Asthma Patients at FMH & Social Security Hospital Lahore.
Examining the connection between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and asthma exacerbations in the UK Biobank, sizable population research of adult patients signed from the United Kingdom, sheds more light on this matter in this issue. The HbA1c test measures a person's normal blood glucose control over the previous three months and is used to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes as well as assess how well a patient is responding to therapy. Compendiums ought to mention that this study's HbA1c is expressed in milliliters (mmol). The authors constructed across-sectional cohort of 47,606 individualities with asthma but without croaker diagnosed diabetes. Within this cohort, they report a positive association between HbA1c and continuance odds of an asthma hospitalization and an inverse association between HbA1c and FEV1 and forced vital capacity, for measures of pulmonary function. In categorical analysis, compared with those with HbA1c in the nondiabetic range, individualities with HbA1c in the prediabetic and diabetic range had 68 advanced odds of reporting a continuance asthma hospitalization and a Z- score difference of0.015 in FEV1 and forced vital capacity. These results were maintained in a compassion analysis removing those who smoked greater than 10 pack-years, and with respect to hospitalizations, removing those who reported their asthma hospitalization before their HbA1c measurement to insulin resistance to diabetes and frank hyperglycemia, may directly impact asthma morbidity <!-- [if supportFields]> ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Author>Skyler</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText>(Skyler, 2004)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="axp5vw0x2fprz6edw29x09p9dta22tfd2stw" timestamp="1719366701">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Skyler, J. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Miami (D-110), 1450 NW 10th Avenue, Suite 3061, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. jskyler@ miami.edu</auth-address><titles> Diabetes mellitus: pathogenesis and treatment strategies <secondary-title>J Med Chem</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Med Chem</full-title></periodical><pages>4113-7</pages><volume>47</volume><number>17</number><keywords><keyword>Blood Glucose/metabolism</keyword><keyword>*Diabetes Mellitus/*diagnosis/drug therapy/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis/drug therapy/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Insulin/administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use</keyword><keyword>Life Style</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-2623 (Print)&#xD;0022-2623</isbn><accession-num>15293979</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/jm0306273</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></EndNote><![endif]-->(Skyler, 2004)<!-- [if supportFields]><![endif]--> Heterogeneity among those affected is evident, despite the fact that for centuries the term "asthma" has been used to refer to all people with varying chest symptoms and airway lability. Asthma "phenotypes," or clusters of individuals with similar clinical traits, have been documented in the literature since the early 1940s.
Inhaling Corticostero, Diabetes, Mellitus, Type 2, Chronic Asthma Patients, FMH , Social Security
FREQUENCY OF POLYHYDRAMNIOS DETECTED ON ULTRASONOGRAPHY DURING 2ND AND 3RD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Background: Polyhydramnios is the excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid. Ultrasound used in this disease for the detection of excess of amniotic fluid. Objective(s): To determine frequency of polyhydraminos on ultrasonography in 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Material and Method: A total of 58 patients who visited the radiology department of Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore were examined. Ultrasound was used to determine the frequency of polyhydramnios. Results: All patients were female. Out of 58 patients, mean age was 28.62±3.636 years. Out of total 58 patients, 24 (40.7%) with Polyhydramnios and 34 (57.6%) without Polyhydramnios. Conclusion(s): The conclusion of this study is that polyhydramnios leads to fetal malformation. Ultrasound is the examination of choice which is used in this disease for the detection of excess of amniotic fluid.
Ultrasound, Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI), 2nd and 3rd Trimester.
Assessing The Impact of Caffeine Induced Dehydration among the Medical Students
Background & Aims: World Health Organization defines dehydration as a “condition that results from the excessive loss of water and salt”. Dehydration is frequently characterized by thirst, headaches, lethargy, and a dry mouth or tongue. This study aims to check impact of caffeine induced dehydration among medical students. Methodology: The study sample size was 80 adults among medical students. A cross-sectional study design was used and participants were selected through convenient sampling. A self-constructed questionnaire consisting of questions such as daily water intake consumption, daily caffeine consumption and its sources including hydration status was used to assess impact of caffeine induced dehydration. Results: 15.5% of participants were showing symptoms of mild to severe dehydration. Their caffeine consumption was more than 4 cups/day and they were drinking less than 6 glasses of water/day. Conclusion: This study assess that majority of participants were taking 6-8 glasses of water/day and many of them feels lethargic and irritated which is few of the consequences of dehydration.
caffeine, dehydration, symptoms of dehydration, medical students, water intak
QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHILDREN WITH COCHLEAR IMPLANT: A PARENTAL PERSPECTIVE
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find the improvement in hearing impaired children after cochlear implantation. Cochlear implant for hearing implant children are known to have impact on the lives of recipients and their families in different ways. Method: This is descriptive observational study amongs47 children aged between 2 to 5 years at the time of implantation and the current age is 4 to 16 years. A self-designed questionnaire was used to assess the parental point of view. The questionnaire that was mailed to families included the following sections: communication, self reliance, social relationships wellbeing and happiness, education, process of implantation, positive effect of the implant, supporting the child, and pre- and postoperative services provided by the implant center. Results: Out of 47 subjects 26 (55.3%) were females and 21(44.7%) were males subjects. Parents were most satisfied with improved communication, self reliance, social relation, wellbeing and happiness, education with the help of hearing. When deciding on implantation, the parents particularly expected auditory information to increase their child’s safety in traffic, joining socially the hearing world, and better employment prospects as adults. Conclusion: Parents report that cochlear implants affect their children in a wide variety of ways that cannot be summarized by a single scale. Although speech and language development was the major concern, parents reported outstanding improvement in communication skills, social relationships, and self-confidence for their child.
Hearing impairment, Hearing loss, Cochlear Implant, Effectiveness of Implantation
Effects of Pre and Post Workout Nutrition On Muscle Growth In Adults With Resistance Training
Background & Aim: There is a debate regarding pre and post workout meal impact on muscle building. The objective of this research study was to find best nutrient timing to get the maximum lean muscle mass and lose fat mass in adult males with same type of resistance training. Methodology: The sample size was 20 male adults aged 18 to 55 who perform resistance training from selected fitness centers in Lahore. The participants were divided into 2 groups i.e. Group a (control group): who consume balance diet throughout the day, Group B (experimental group): who consume balance diet but focus on pre and post workout meal. A selfstructured questionnaire was used for the comparative study, which included questions about age, weight, height, analysis of body fat and analysis of skeletal muscle strength. Results: Participants of both groups have nearly same reduction in body fat percentage but when in strength analysis the participant of control group have 19% improvement in 1 RPM while participants in experimental group have 40% improvement in 1RPM.Conclusion: The pre and post workout meal showed better effect on increase in skeletal muscle mass through resistance training as the results indicated that the experimental group have more increase in 1RPM strength than the control group
Hearing Impairment, Hearing Loss, Cochlear Implant, Communication, Psychosocial.
BENEFITS OF COCHLEAR IMPLANT IN CHILDREN: THE PARENTS PRESPECTIVE
Background and Objective: The language is the medium by which communicate and sound is the power source to understand the language these are our years and the hearing sense contact as with the word. The objective of this study is to analysis the subjective benefits of cochlear implantation in children according to parents’ Perspective. Method: It was carried out in children aged 2-3 years. A self-designed questionnaire was used to assess the potential point of view. The questionnaires were filled by parents included the following sections: hearing, communication and psychosocial. Results: The findings of the current study indicate that cochlear implants positively impact the quality of life for both children and their families in various ways. All things related to children had improvement in quality of life after cochlear implant activation. Parents were more satisfied with the domains communication, self-reliance and social relations because it affects more on child’s life. Conclusion: The ability to hear enabled the children to integrate into the hearing community and develop spoken language skills. Parents observed that cochlear implants significantly enhanced their children's quality of life, particularly in boosting self-esteem, improving social interactions, and facilitating communication.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATIONS OF TETRALOGY OF FALLOT IN CHILDREN UNDER 16 YEARS OF AGE AT CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL
Background: The TOF term was firstly described by the Danish anatomist Neils Stensen, in the year 1671 observed in a fetus suffering from ectopia cordis. In the year 1888, a series of 5 reports that described the four anatomical features occuring in a particular group of patients suffering from cyanosis was given by Etienne louis Aurthur The combination of this tetrad described by him is given as, Ventricle septal defect, Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding of aorta. This combination tetrad described by him was known as the Tetralogy of Fallot. It was named as la maladei blue i.e [the blue malady]. Objective: To evaluate the findings of Tetralogy of Fallot in children through echocardiography. Materials and Methods: It’s a retrospective study in which a total of 88 patients who visited cardiology department of Children’s hospital for echocardiography examination were taken. An echocardiography test is performed to evaluate the frequency of Tetralogy of Fallot. Results: This study had 88 patients, who fulfilled the criteria were taken, out of which 60(68%) were male and 28(31%) were females. Out of these 88 students, 84% patients have Tetralogy of Fallot disease and tetralogy of Fallot was absent in 16% of the patients. Conclusion: The Tetralogy of Fallot is related to various anatomical differences and in order to avoid further surgical complications there is a necessity to get it identified. Echocardiography can diagnose these anomalies in a much better way and it has helped greatly to reduce the need for invasive procedures like cardiac catheterization for these patients.
Echocardiography, TOF, VSD, PS, RVH, Aortic Overriding.
Frequency of Uterine Fibroids between the Age 20 to 40 Years on Ultrasound at FMH
Background: Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths and most commonly found in the women of reproductive age associated with heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain and menstruation that lasts for more than a week. Ultrasound is the diagnostic modality used in this study for the detection of fibroid. To determine the frequency of uterine fibroids between the age 20 to 40 on ultrasound at FMH. Methodology: A randomize observational descriptive study was conducted in patients with fibroids by ultrasound. Heavy menstrual bleeding and infertility are variable degree of this disease. This study included the frequency of uterine fibroids in young females. Data was taken from the radiology department of FMH. About 40-45 cases of fibroids are included in this study. Results: 55 female patients were examined out of which 43 (78.18%) have uterine fibroids present with heavy menstrual bleeding which last for more than one week along with severe pelvic pain and most of them were presented with the history of infertility and 12 (21.81%) patients have no uterine fibroids. Conclusion: Study showed that the frequency of the patients with fibroids is higher who presented with abnormal and prolonged menstrual bleeding than the patients without abnormal bleeding. 43 (78.18%) patients out of 55 patients had uterine fibroids and 12 (21.81%) patients had no uterine fibroids. Ultrasound is the best diagnostic modality for the detection of size and type of fibroid